Analysis Of The Film The Searchers - 1078 Words

‘The Searchers,’ the 1956 cinematic classic, is widely considered a ‘true American masterpiece of filmmaking, and the best, most influential, and perhaps most-admired film of director John Ford’ . Starring famed Western actor, John Wayne, the films consists of several themes, including the American identity, the opposition between civilization, and the contrast between the untamed frontier wilderness and the civilised, family unit, focused around the protagonist, Ethan Edwards. This central character is shrouded in mystery, posing many questions around his previous whereabouts, dealings, and relationships, particularly with his sister-in-law, Martha. After a tribe of natives massacred his family, Edwards begins his lengthy search for his captured nieces, wishing to avenge their murder and kidnap by murdering Indian chief, Scar. The plot of the film is extremely complex; a vivid sub-plot is illustrated by Ford using primarily non-verbal methods e.g. symbolism , music and cinematic devices. His actions, introduced within the opening scenes, brings the audience to question the traditional idea of the American hero, distinguishing itself from other Western films. The opening shot fades in from black; the timestamp ‘Texas, 1868,’ which aids the audience place the film in an historical context. The film is set within the period following the Western expansion, and three years after the American Civil War. The opening frames show a silhouetted, female figure, standing alone upon aShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis : The Searchers1624 Words   |  7 PagesFilm Analysis-The Searchers Dean Childs ENG 225 Allison Sansbury November 10, 2014 The Searchers Throughout this class, various discussions and blogs have been used to analyze the different elements of films such as theme, cinematic techniques and genre. It is time to bring all of these separate elements together in the analysis of one specific film, according to class text, â€Å"analyzing levels of meaning below the surface story can greatly enhance enjoyment as well as understanding ofRead MoreAnalysis of Western Film Essay524 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Western Film introduction The two films we chose were dances with wolves starring Kevin costner it was made in 1990 and the searchers starring john Wayne it was made in 1950 they both show native Americans been represented in different ways. The searchers Native Americans are portrayed as being stupid for swapping a woman for a hat with a feather in it. In the movie we see a native American man giving a man a woman and taking a hat withRead MoreExploration, Transformation, and Metamorphosis in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 22977 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Analysis, Theory and Application The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 Nicole Weaver English 162 Professor Mark Justice 29 January 2012 Exploration, Transformation, and Metamorphosis in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2, a sequel to The Texas Chainsaw Massacre released in 1974, is a 1986 film directed by Tobe Hooper. This sequel is set 13 years after the events that transpired in the first film and follows Lieutenant Lefty Enright, played by Dennis HopperRead MoreAnalysis Of Avatar1353 Words   |  6 PagesCamerons Avatar, was a massively successful film that managed to gross more than two billion dollars in revenue. With its popularity and mass appeal, it also created a considerable amount of controversy within multiple different groups, targeting a variety of topics in the film, from its presentation of alien natives and a colonial corporate military, to race issues and a depiction of cigarette use. This essay attempts to explore main threads of the film, analyzing criticism, and offering its ownRead MoreEssay Dimensions of Night of the Living Dead1606 Words   |  7 PagesImage Ten, as they were later known, led by George Romero, created a horror film unlike any th at had come before. Although the horror film had been around for nearly as long as the cinema, Night of the Living Dead was revolutionary in its production, its subtext as understood in historical reference, and its lasting effects on the horror genre. The British Film Institute’s Benjamin Hervey provides an analysis of the film as understood by critical audiences of the day. Although it may been seenRead MoreClassical Hollywood1981 Words   |  8 PagesGavan Duffy TVF Media analysis assignment Classical Hollywood Cinema In the following essay I have been asked to write a 2000 word essay discussing the main characteristic features of the classical Hollywood narrative film. This is a style of clarity where the viewer should not be confused about space, time, events or characters motivations and although a number of classical narrative traditions have been modified, or even rejected, this unfussy style of making movies it is still very muchRead MoreThe Wild West: an Analysis of Post-Civil War Tension in John Ford’s â€Å"My Darling Clementine†1546 Words   |  7 PagesDoc Holliday and Granville Thorndyke (the Shakespearean actor) in â€Å"My Darling Clementine.† What is Ford trying to say about the relation to the civilized East to the unsettled West. (Clementine vs. Chihuahua is relevant here.) The Wild West: An Analysis of Post-Civil War Tension in John Ford’s â€Å"My Darling Clementine† Following the end of the United States’ Civil War, new territories had becomes states, notably what is now known as the West. The West, iconized by its Cowboys, gunfights, andRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1516 Words   |  7 Pagesuse networking sites as frequently. He also recognizes that social investigation is another method for the user to utilize social platforms. Giving the user the access to search and locate people on different sites without them knowing gives the searcher surveillance notoriety. This has the potential to transcend into negative aspects between interpersonal relationships in the real world. However, being affiliated with these sites can lead to new friendships and opportunities, resulting in the userRead MoreEnglish Literature At The University Of California1992 Words   |  8 PagesProQuest 3. Project MUSE 4. Cambridge Companions Online (http://universitypublishingonline.org.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk) 5. Oxford Scholarship Online, University Press Scholarship Online (UPSO) (http://www.oxfordscholarship.com.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk/) 6. Searcher 7. University of Edinburgh s Library Catalogue a. Three relevant monographs. Novak, Maximillian E. Daniel Defoe: Master of Fictions: His Life and Ideas. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001. Oxford Scholarship Online. Web. 1 Oct. 2014. - Found from OxfordRead More Information Technology Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesvisualizations that cover as much information from as many perspectives as possible. Classroom research today takes the text based references familiar to most adults and augments them with CD-ROMs containing music, speeches, diagrams, animations, and film clips†¦ Specific tools that support gathering skills include word processors, CD-Rom references, Internet search engines( Lycos,, AltaVista, Yahoo are popular choices). Evaluating—separating the info-gems from info-glut is both an individual and

Slavery And The Slave Owners - 1419 Words

Slaves; people who are the property of and wholly subject to another. Why did it begin in the first place? It was not until December 6th of 1865 when congress finally ratified a law to abolish slavery. However, words of the law still had not spread and it would take around a year for the slave owners to finally set the slaves free. The process of freeing the slaves was full of misery, pain, and constant insults by the majority of the white population. However, despite discouragement from the whites, the black people (with the support of some whites) pulled through and achieved the main goal of being independent. That event took a while to occur, the real question is how did blacks and whites resist slavery until it was finally abolished. How did the slaves counter the abuse and harassment of the slave owners? I hypothesized that the blacks were able to withstand the punishment and slowly undermine slavery due to their intelligence. And at the end of slavery, both races would be inte llectually equal. Back then slaves were supposedly inferior to white people and they did not and also could not have the same intelligence as the whites. This idea was disproven countless times, one unique example documented in the book Rebels Against Slavery is:,â€Å"This master took his very light skinned black to the marketplace to be sold. Meanwhile he went to make arrangements for a hotel room. When the master returned he was bound in chains. While he was trying to prove that he wasn’t aShow MoreRelatedPaternalism: Slavery and White Slave Owners1626 Words   |  7 Pagesis to investigate the slavery period in the Cape Colony during the nineteenth century with regard to the prevalence of paternalism between slaves and their masters. By means of suitable sources that justify this statement as well as proof of opposing opinions I will be able to discover if paternalism very well did exist during the slavery period in the nineteenth century and also why people tend to bel ieve this. Slavery in the Cape Colony With colonialism came slavery and the forced labor modelRead MoreSlavery Was Unprofitable for Slave Owners‚Äà ¹808 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Slavery was unprofitable for slave owners† For numerous centuries land owners were dependent on a free source of labor provided by slaves. They were to pay for these slaves and then allowed to do as they pleased with them. Slaves cooked, cleaned, worked on plantations, and devoted their lives submissive to the orders of their masters. For over 150 years now, historians continue to argue whether or not slaves helped countries as a whole move economically at a faster pace, or whether after calculatingRead MoreOlaudah Equiano, A British Slave, And Frederick Douglass And Harriet Jacobs, American Slaves Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesOlaudah Equiano, a British slave, and Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs, American slaves, highlight the transition from the institution of British slavery pre-American Revolution to the 18th and 19th century American plantation slavery. The explicit differences between the two systems suggest unique factors that either promoted or hindered each institution. In Britain, slavery was generally drive n by economic factors that relied on trained labor. Growth and expansion of slavery in the United StatesRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery On American Culture903 Words   |  4 Pages In today’s society, many negative connotations of slavery are perpetuated in American culture. Some of the most popular stereotypes are the content slaves which are manifested in the Sambo and Mammy figure. Other slaves formed bonds of resistance against slavery through the invisible institution of religion. As more slaves came to America, white slave owners decided to divide the labor. Development of slavery expanded beyond plantations to rural, urban, and university settings typically in the southernRead MoreSlavery Is Not Legal Now939 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery Slavery, according to Merriam Webster means â€Å"the practice of owning slaves†. ïÆ'ŸïÆ'ŸïÆ'Ÿ This means owning people against their will and not paying them. Slavery has been around since 1916, when the first settlers of Jamestown brought with them their slaves. Slavery also has been a debate ever since the declaration of independence, when Thomas Jefferson tried to abolish slavery but North Carolina disagreed. Owning slaves back at the time was a sign of wealth and power. The slave trade important toRead MoreThe Degradation Of Religion And Family From Slavery991 Words   |  4 PagesFamily from Slavery In the book, Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass outlines the disturbing effects that slavery induced on society. Slaves were dehumanized, ripped from their homes and sentenced to a life of harsh work, and harsher treatment. Slaves were held at their slaveholder’s mercy, beaten, whipped, and killed for being disobedient or performing in an unsatisfactory manner. The treatment of Douglass and fellow slaves shows what the grim reality of a slave looked likeRead MoreSlavery in America941 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery in America Does anyone know who really started slavery? Slavery first took place in North America, 1619 at a British colony of Jamestown Virginia† (Boles, John). This caused slavery to spread throughout the American colonies. Slavery had a huge impact on America and still does till this day. Slavery was nothing new when it came to America. It’s been going on since before the 1400’s.†Slavery had existed in Europe from classical times and did not disappear with the collapse of the Roman Empire†Read MoreThe Interesting Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano877 Words   |  4 Pagesto be free and to be a slave. In the memoir forced, cruel, and child labor was depicted. Slaves in Africa were treated exceptionally well were as slaves in America were treated if they were not human. .Equiano was treated as if he was a part of the family he was sold to until he was sold to a family that treated their slaves poorly. Religion and Equiano determination helped him gain fr eedom. Also his experience was astonishingly unique. In the memoir several forms of slavery was depicted. Forced laborRead MoreThe Secession Of The Civil War1039 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, politicians in the southern states wished to secede from the northern states. President Lincoln opposed slavery and hoped to get rid of this act in any state that practiced it. The southern states viewed Lincoln’s vision as a threat to those states who supported slavery and they believed that having an anti-slavery president would endanger the states in many ways. For this reason, South Carolina became the first to secede six weeks after Lincoln became presidentRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagesessential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slav ery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose the truth behind slavery to those abolitionists

Endangered Species and Wildlife Service free essay sample

Introduction Communities throughout the world are stricken by social injustices. People should start to investigate the issues they see are most important which affect the wellbeing of the community members. In order to truly be free and have a sense of self-worth, people should unite in order to release themselves and others from oppression. Issues of social injustice within a community are important to address in order to ensure the wellbeing of all community members. Poaching, not only affecting animals but also people, is becoming an increasing issue. Social inequality and social identity play a prominent role within the life of a poacher. It is a social inequality that the majority of poachers in Africa are lower class (The African Poaching Crisis). In return, they have to rely on the black market in order to sell the illegally obtained animals. The demand for ivory has surged to the point that the tusks of a single adult elephant can be worth more than 10 times the average annual income in many African countries (The African Poaching Crisis). Poaching then can become part of a person’s social identity because it is the way that the world begins to perceive them. The species that I will focus on are African elephants, white rhinos, and the mountain gorilla. There are multiple possibilities for an animal to enter the endangered species list such as, killing for trophies and medicines and the fragmentation and outright destruction of their habitat by people seeking timber and land resources (Multinational Species Conservation Acts). As long as there is a demand for an animal, or its desired traits, illegal hunting of endangered animals will persist. I. Issue Analysis Poaching is the illegal shooting, trapping, or taking of game or fish from private or public property. People intentionally target animals for reasons such as trophies, medicinal usage, and also for religious practices. Furs, tusks, or even the animal itself is sold illegitimately on the black market. The black market is the illegal traffic or trade in officially controlled or scarce commodities (Poaching American†¦). Poaching has caused multiple animal species to be pushed closer to the brink of extinction. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 defines endangered species to mean any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range (U. S. Fish Wildlife Service). Elephants do not have any natural predators but yet their numbers are dwindling because human interference. The large illegal trade in African elephant ivory is the major cause of this decline and threatens the continued existence of the African elephant (African Elephant Conservation Act of 1989). They produce the largest quantity of ivory, which is the main purpose why they are being poached and driven closer to extinction. Since African elephants can produce about 250 pounds of ivory people see ivory as precious (African Elephant Fact Sheet). People view ivory as a valuable commodity because they satisfy religious devotions. Their tusks are smuggled into countries, mainly in Asia, to be carved into religious artifacts for Catholics, Muslims, Christians, and also Buddhists (Braun). About 470 thousand elephants are alive today (Endangered Species) but their numbers are dwindling. Every year, eight percent, 37,600, of the population is poached (Endangered Species). If the death rate is held at a constant rate, elephants will only be on the earth in slight excess of ten years (The African Poaching Crisis). The elephant’s defense, their tusks, was the downfall of their species. Over centuries remedies have been passed on to help cure future generations. Rhino horn is believed to treat hangovers, fevers, impotence, and even cancer (The African Poaching Crisis). Although, perceived to do well for the body, rhino horn has not been proven to cure any of the alleged illnesses. Asian demand for rhino horn has set a historic price for rhino horn powder – over $30,000 per pound, making it more valuable than gold and cocaine (The African Poaching Crisis). Poachers are persistent, because taking parts or the animal itself yields high profit margins. The mountain gorilla is also critically endangered with less than 900 remaining in the wild, and yet poachers do not let up (Endangered Species). Wildlife officials recently observed a surge of infant gorillas for sale on the black market, some ranging to $40,000 (Zerkel). Killing for trophies and taking animals out of their natural environment leads to detrimental circumstances where a keystone species is eradicated and overpopulation occurs in a subordinate species. II. Potential Solutions Effective practices in order to maintain endangered species are the preservation of the remaining population and the reintroduction of species. The Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service share responsibility for implementing and enforcing the provisions of the Endangered Species Act with respect to endangered and threatened species of fish and wildlife (U. S. Fish Wildlife Service). Preservation of remaining species may be the most prominent step in trying to help the animals. In Africa the mountain gorilla, and a few other primates, may have a future after all. In 2012 Congressional appropriation of $3. 3 million to the Great Apes Fund was leveraged by $4. 9 million in matching and in-kind funds to support 47 projects in Asia and Africa (U. S. Fish Wildlife Service). If the last of the species dies, they will merely become a figment of the past. Any person who knowingly violates the Endangered Species Acts prohibitions regarding the taking of an endangered species, or any permits or implementing regulations issued under the Act, is subject a civil penalty of up to $25,000 for each violation and criminal penalties of a fine, imprisonment, or both(U. S. Fish Wildlife Service). As long as there are two animals of different genders, the bloodline of that species will continue. Human intervention is required in order to mitigate the extinction of some animals. The reintroduction of endangered species to their natural habitat is another effective practice to combat dwindling animal populations. When an animal species disappears from its original habitat, it can disturb the balance between predator and prey. If the predator is to disappear, there will be an over abundance of prey which can lead to overgrazing and ecological problems caused by overpopulation. If the prey disappears, the food chain will be disrupted and animals will die off. Any interference in the food chain affects multiple animals and the cycle of life. The Bureau of Land Management is an example of effective practices for reintroduction and sustainability in New Mexico. The BLM is more about land conservation with minimal hands on experience with the animals (Service Learning). There are more than two dozen endangered black-footed ferrets from New Mexico, Virginia, and Wyoming that were released into the wild in Mexico (Freeman). The BLM was able to help sustain the black footed ferret population, in western region of the state, by giving the ferret a reliable food source. They would drive to a remote location and implant prairie dogs in existing holes for the ferret to eat (Service Learning). By giving the ferrets a reliable food source the BLM was able to sufficiently feed the population. It takes approximately 100 to 150 acres of prairie dog colony to support one ferret, so as prairie dog populations began to shrink, the black-footed ferret dwindled as well until there were none left in the wild(Black-footed Ferret WildEarth Guardians). Loss of habitat to agricultural land is a main reason for the black footed ferret becoming endangered (Service Learning). The BLM moved the black footed ferret to an area of federal land in western New Mexico where it is illegal to hunt, shoot, or trap any animals. The BLM decided to release the ferrets in this area in order to keep the population thriving and to have minimal human interactions. The black footed ferret population is stable and on the track to improvement (Freeman). Despite significant recovery successes, the species is still one of the most endangered mammals in the United States (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service). Conservation efforts for the black footed ferret are not effective. Sometimes the prairie dogs have to be introduced manually instead of the population thriving on its own. The prairie dogs come from a breeder in Santa Fe, but they do not always have enough to constantly be supplying the ferrets (Service Learning). The prairie dogs are usually born in captivity which is extensive and strenuous. Recently several new breeders were added to supply the black footed ferret with an adequate amount of food (Freeman). Another issue with the conservation of the black footed ferret is that they cannot be constantly watched. People may stumble upon the ferrets and the human interaction can cause them to feel stressed or they may even leave the area in search for a more suitable location. The black footed ferrets may thrive again mainly because they are not as publicized as the rhino. In Africa, the Wildlife Refuge of Zimbabwe is trying effortlessly to conserve the native species, particularly the rhino. The park has improved their security system and even hired more rangers. Poachers are normally detoured or caught by the parks first form of defense, which is the security system. Employing more park rangers has increased the vigilance and care of the species. Sometimes efforts are futile since the rhino population is significantly dropping each year. Poachers still get around the park rangers defenses by using high tech weaponry such as night vision goggles and sometimes as complex of a grenade launcher, provided by crime syndicates and underpaid military(Joy). III. Opportunities for Action and Conclusion Actions that I will take in order to combat the ever growing issue of extinction for endangered animals will be to bring awareness to the community and also hands on work with native species. I will bring awareness to my community by educating the youth. I will start with the sixth grade class at SVA and teach them about the importance and reasons on why animals become extinct. Children are our future and can be incredibly persuasive especially after realizing their favorite animals could become extinct if actions are not taken. After realizing the problem that animals are facing, students will then hopefully go home and educate their parents. I can also take my presentation to various other locations, informing all ages, and even tell of work I have done and will do for local endangered animals. In order to preserve local species, I will connect with the Department of Game and Fish and even the BLM. People as a whole make a cognitive decision to maintain animal populations, instead of having an out of sight out of mind thinking, they will no longer be endangered. People have to realize that even though remedies were once perceived to do good for the body, it is scientifically proven that rhino does not cure any of the alleged illnesses. It is unnecessary to slaughter species in order to obtain a single article which, usually ingested, can only be used once. Normally people will notice that their supposed cure is not working, but many do not. They either buy more and yield the same results, or they will believe that it is working so in return they buy more to supposedly keep healthy. Humans are the main cause for the extinction of animals and we are their only hope for survival through conservation and awareness. The issue, illegal hunting of endangered animals, is becoming an ever-growing problem because animals are being killed faster than they can repopulate. People realize what they are doing but yet continue because it has become their social identity. Many of poachers are poor locals driven by crime syndicates. They see poaching as a way for high profits but it also comes with high risk. They are willing to deal with the circumstances because they feel like they have nothing to lose. It is a social inequality when people feel like they have to poach because they are discriminated against for their status.

Argument on Online Gambling

Question: Write about the Argument on Online Gambling. Answer: Initially gambling or betting starts with a curious and an apparently innocuous orientation for every individual but in most of the cases it tends to become an unhealthy addiction resulting in serious consequences. Whether it is the case of online gambling or real life betting, it becomes a matter of concern when it strains human relationships and most importantly, causes financial disaster (Gainsbury, 2012). With the world increasingly being digital, online betting has become the present rage among the gamblers, as it is impracticable to monitor innumerable netizens on regular basis. However, realizing the need to satisfy the impulse of gamblers, Singapore government has shown green light to the two lottery operators in the country to offer their clients the option of online gambling (Kotwani Chia, 2016). The essay attempts to form an opinion on to what extent this decision of Singapore government is justified weighing the pros and cons of online gambling practice. The term online gambling originated with the trend of betting availing the open online casinos. The invasive usage of internet has enabled the gamblers to enjoy unhindered betting on the net and the establishment of companies providing security to online transactions has made gambling viable more than ever (COR160 Essential Academic Writing Skills, 2017). Due to its easy accessibility, online gambling produces huge revenues every year, which happens to form a considerable part of national income of many countries. Concentrating on the special case of Singapore, where online gambling has been legalized through two lottery-operating organizations, it becomes essential to investigate what possible moral, ethical and social implications the decision can have. With the legalization of the online gambling sites, the inclination towards betting is bound to be high among people and their moral values may face an encroachment of the adrenaline rush for gambling (Lin, 2016). Addiction to online gambling contains pernicious impact on the moral sides of individuals. One common violation of human morals can be observed in degrading relationships; the temperament of regular gamblers is likely to become unpredictable, much as the game itself and their behavior with other persons also violate the rules of manners. Besides, with the growing addiction to online gambling, people are being found neglecting their job and spending time on gambling sites even at the time of work (Campbell, 2015). The worst moral vio lation happens when gamblers, if faced with heavy financial loss, tend to steal money or forcefully take away money from household expenses. On the other hand, online gambling offers a rather complex concern regarding gambling addiction and ethics. Especially in the case of online betting, the addiction is supplied with convenience and comfort of home and this is believed to diminish the gamblers ability to defy the impulse of earning money with minimum investment. In addition, the legal stamp that has now on these activities will embolden the gamblers to pursue their unethical addiction (Kotwani Chia, 2016). Research on this matter further supports the view that online gambling is likely to fascinate a person more promptly than the real life casinos can ever do. Concentrating on social impacts of online gambling, it does not have much difference with the insidious social implications of real life gambling. Both of these have seen to give rise in general criminality in relations to street crimes and the ones that are more violent (Smethurst, 2014). Online gambling, having green signal from the government can encompass two implications. In the first place, this legalized form of gambling is expected to curb down underground mischief and the ruthlessness of the loan sharks as well as this accepted form of gambling will also resist the illegal bookies to encash the impulse of gamblers and gather round their ill-gotten gains (COR160 Essential Academic Writing Skills, 2017). However, the threat of adverse socio-economic consequence of this decision will always remain there. Singapore governments recent decision of legalizing online gambling has given rise to several controversies, some standing for the decision while some against. The strongest point that has been raised time and again to support this decision is economic; it is an unavoidable fact that legal form of betting sustains a countrys economy by generating more amount of taxes that the government intends to spend on noble and charitable causes (Horridge, 2015). Thus, the loss of tax evasion that Singapore used to suffer earlier will not be the case from now on. Apart from this, online casinos are essentially entitled to rigorous moderations and have to go through strict norms in order to be legalized. This maintains the game play to remain fair, random and un-exploitative. Legal online gambling also ensures the financial safety of the punters whereas in many of the illegal online sites the clients have the experience of being robbed of their credit card details (Statutes.agc.gov.sg, 2014). Despite all these points well raised by the Singapore government in support of their decision, they cannot evade the destructive aspects that online gambling, when legalized entails. Firstly, this will give rise to the number of problem gamblers in an unprecedented rate as well as social and domestic violence rate in the nation is likely to see considerable growth (Lin, 2016). Among the unfavorable economic impacts, the wealth distribution in society will be unevenly distributed. Besides, study reveals that in the regions where gambling has been legalized, suicide rates have gone higher and an overall depression prevails on the mental health of individuals associated with it. In addition, if online gambling is permitted small recreational and entertainment providing business establishments will suffer. Lastly, there is no denying to the fact that legalizing any form of gambling will increase chances of bankruptcy and most importantly, it is synonymous to encourage countrymen to be in volved in something amoral and unethical (Gainsbury, 2012). Having discussed all the pros and cons of the Singapore governments decision to allow the two lottery operators Turf Club and Singapore Pools to offer online gambling, it is undeniable that there are more disadvantages than advantages. Admitting the fact that among all the unethical activities in which people tend to become downright involved, online gambling is apparently the most harmless of them all, the other pernicious possibilities of this decision cannot be avoided. Legalized online gambling may strengthen the countrys economy and satisfy the impulse of gamblers but it makes people most vulnerable by taking them into the spiral of addiction and thus, destructing their lives without them being aware. References: COR160 Essential Academic Writing Skills. (2017) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/1312552_163296938_COR160Jan17TMA02%20(1).pdf Gainsbury, S. (2012). Internet gambling. New York: Springer. Horridge, K. (2015). Benefits of Legalized Gambling; The Economic To The Social. Casino.org Blog. Retrieved 13 April 2017, from https://www.casino.org/blog/gambling-and-the-law-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ridiculous/ Kotwani, M., Chia, L. (2016). Government exempts Singapore Pools, Turf Club from online gambling ban. Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 13 April 2017, from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/government-exempts-singapore-pools-turf-club-from-online/3162930.html Lin, M. (2016). Concerns that legalised online gambling may lead to more problem gambling and social ills. The Straits Times. Retrieved 13 April 2017, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/concerns-that-legalised-online-gambling-may-lead-to-more-problem-gambling-and-social-ills Remote Gambling Act 2014. (2014). Statutes.agc.gov.sg. Retrieved 13 April 2017, from https://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%222b7199b4-0337-4dc1-9e6d-b0e7c9c076d5%22%20Status%3Apublished%20Depth%3A0%20TransactionTime%3A20160825000000;rec=0 Campbell, J. (2015). Law Enforcement Implications of Illegal Online Gambling. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/law-enforcement-implications-of-illegal-online-gambling Smethurst, E. (2014). The Social Impact of Problem Gambling. Gordon Moody Association. Retrieved 13 April 2017, from https://www.gordonmoody.org.uk/blog/the-social-impact-of-problem-gambling

Areopagitica By Milton Essays - Book Censorship, English Civil War

Areopagitica By Milton What is the meaning of virtue? Milton answers this question in his speech Areopagitica. Milton will dicuss his meaning of virtue and show his anger at Parliament in the speech. He knows by their actions that Parliament does not know the true meaning of virtue. To understand Areopagitica, you must first understand the reasoning behind the writing. Milton, being a Puritan, did not agree with the beliefs upheld by the Roman Catholics. Free will and free speech was the center of his soul, and to have them governed and censored by Parliament was an outrage. He knew that they did not truly understand what virtue was and did not want to hear any explanation. "In Areopagitica he definitely adopts the doctrine of free will and turns against the predestination of the Presbyterians" (Tillyard 136). Milton's beliefs at the time of his writing was that man is born with the seeds of good and evil and if the opportunity arises, some men will choose the evil way. He wants everyone to understand that man, no matter who the person is, has a choice in determining which road to take. Milton is realistic when he Henderson 2 writes because he knows he is fighting a battle that is weighted against him. He feels the power of the Parliament, but he knows the possibility for victory is evident. Even this possibility does not deter him from realizing that he is still dealing with man who has the choice to do good or evil. "But in Areopagitica beneath the excitement of hope there can be detected the whisper of doubt" (Tillyard 135). Milton tries to explain the meaning of virtue in his writing with the hopes that Parliament will heed what he is saying. Milton explains to them that good and evil walk hand in hand and that man has the choice of free will. This choice gives man the chance to say no to evil and choose to do good. He writes of how Adam had the choice to do good, but instead he chose to eat the fruit and evil was introduced. From this deed, man has to make the choice of his own free will. "He that can apprehend and consider vice with all her baits and seeming pleasures, and yet abstain, and yet distinguish, and yet prefer that which is truly better, he is the true warfaring Christian" (Milton 778). The free will of man means the ability to choose what to read, speak or do, and to censor these choices of life is not the true Christian way of life. Milton wanted Parliament and the Roman Catholics to understand this no matter what it cost him. Bibliography Milton, John. John Milton: Complete Poems and Major Prose. Ed. Merritt Y. Hughes. New York: Macmillan. 1957 778 Tillyard, E. M. W. Milton. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. 1967. 135-136

Cynognathus Facts and Figures

Cynognathus Facts and Figures Name: Cynognathus (Greek for dog jaw); pronounced sigh-NOG-nah-thus Habitat: Woodlands of South America, South Africa, and Antarctica Historical Period : Middle Triassic (245-230 million years ago) Size and Weight: About three feet long and 10-15 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Dog-like appearance; possible hair and warm-blooded metabolism About Cynognathus One of the most fascinating of all prehistoric creatures, Cynognathus may have been the most mammalian of all the so-called mammal-like reptiles (technically known as therapsids) of the middle  Triassic period. Technically classified as a cynodont, or dog-toothed, therapsid, Cynognathus was a fast, fierce predator, much like a smaller, sleeker version of a modern wolf. Clearly it thrived in its evolutionary niche, since its remains have been discovered on no less than three continents, Africa, South America and Antarctica (which were all part of the giant landmass Pangea during the early Mesozoic Era). Given its wide distribution, you may be surprised to learn that the genus Cynognathus includes only one valid species, C. crateronotus, named by the English paleontologist Harry Seeley in 1895. However, in the century since its discovery, this therapsid has been known by no less than eight different genus names: besides Cynognathus, paleontologists have also referred to Cistecynodon, Cynidiognathus, Cynogomphius, Lycaenognathus, Lycochampsa, Nythosaurus and Karoomys! Further complicating matters (or simplifying them, depending on your perspective), Cynognathus is the only identified member of its taxonomic family, the cynognathidae. The most interesting thing about Cynognathus is that it possessed many features normally associated with the first prehistoric mammals (which evolved from therapsids tens of millions of years later, during the late Triassic period). Paleontologists believe Cynognathus sported a thick coat of hair and may have given birth to live young (rather than laying eggs, like most reptiles); we know for a fact that it possessed a very mammal-like diaphragm, which enabled it to breathe more efficiently. Most startlingly, evidence points to Cynognathus having a warm-blooded, mammalian metabolism, quite unlike most of the cold-blooded reptiles of its day.

International Marketing for Travel and Tourism The 32nd Atlanta Jazz Essay

International Marketing for Travel and Tourism The 32nd Atlanta Jazz Festival - Essay Example The three dominant forces affecting Atlanta's history and development have been transportation, race relations, and the "Atlanta spirit." At each stage in the city's development, these three elements have come into play. Transportation innovations and their connections to Atlanta helped establish the city as a state and regional center of commerce and finance. And the Atlanta spirit-part civic booster program, part vision, with a healthy dose of business interests and priorities-has provided the city with an ever-changing set of goals and definitions of what Atlanta is and what it can become. In the recent past, the city of Atlanta has gained familiarity and has transformed from a commercial city into a city with international influence and tourist attraction. In a very little span of 6 years i.e. from 2000 - 2006, the metropolitan area of the city of Atlanta increased by almost 20.5%. This has made Atlanta the fastest growing metropolitan city of the United States. Transportation has always been an important factor in the growth of the city of Atlanta and also its development, had a significant impact on the city in the 1960s and 1970s. Atlanta's connections to three interstate highways continued during this period to direct and facilitate suburban growth and anchored the regional trucking industry to the city. Air travel also became increasingly important as Atlanta Municipal Airport emerged as one of the busiest air hubs in the nation. Office buildings and retail establishments followed this population growth and movement to the suburbs, especially on the north side of the city. In the transportation sector airplanes and automobiles continued to have the biggest impact on the metropolitan region. Atlanta's dramatic population growth in the last few decades has been matched by equally impressive economic growth. The city is, by most measures, the business capital of the Southeast. Atlanta's ties to transportation include Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (one of the top two busiest airports in the world), three interstate highways that intersect in Atlanta, and a nexus of freight and passenger rail lines. All of these transportation connections bring commerce, products, and people to the Atlanta area and provide employment, either directly or indirectly, to many of the region's citizens. Since the 1970s the hospitality, tourism, and convention industry has been another key element of Atlanta's economy, spurring the construction of new hotels, convention spaces, and related industries. From 1965 to 1975, for example, the number of hotel rooms in the downtown area alone increased from 4,000 to 14,000 and by 1972 Atlanta ranked third among cities in terms of convention business. Jazz Festival - Introduction: Renowned as the largest free jazz festival in the country, the Atlanta Jazz Festival is traditionally a Memorial Day Weekend celebration of a true American art form - Jazz. This year marks the 28th anniversary of the Festival. The finale of the event will take place in Piedmont Park May 28th - 30th. The Atlanta Jazz Fe

Need a teaching paper for a diabetic patient (portion control) Assignment

Need a teaching paper for a diabetic patient (portion control) - Assignment Example Patient education Diabetes type  II is a metabolic disorder that is associated with high blood glucose and lack of insulin or simply insulin deficiency in blood (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013). When it comes to management of diabetes type II, control of blood sugar is usually the central subject matter. After all, when ones level of blood sugar is kept within the target range, it can help him or her to live a healthy life. The main aim of patient education was for M.E. to improve her knowledge, skills and self-assurance, enabling her to take enhanced control of her own condition as well as incorporate effective self-management aspects into her daily lives (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013). This is premised on the fact that high-quality patient education can actually have a profound impact on health outcomes of patients and can drastically enhance quality of life. In particular, this patient education aimed at teaching M.E. on how to keep a balance diet and portion control in away that will help her manage her condition-Diabetes type  II. In this context, my main goal was to promote the health of M.E. and to avert any further outcome associated with the disease. The information that M.E. will receive, will be of great importance in terms of enabling her to make changes in her feeding lifestyle and this will help in controlling her blood glucose within normal or target range. All other aspects associated with her conditions such as, if she had ever confided her condition into anyone, and if anyone has ever told her anything regarding her condition, were revisited before I brought about the topics to be discussed. She openly stated that she had shared a lot with her primary care doctor. In this case nonetheless, I assured her that my aim was simply to provide information that would her manage her condition well in terms of how to keep a balance diet and portion control. My primary teaching material in this case was a handout entailing illustrations and information about diabete s type II disease and the choice was based on the fact that illustrations serves to reinforce the point that has been taught and are easier to understand even for people who are not familiar with it. The first topic to be introduced was what diabetes was and its likely effects on ones body. I began by explaining to her that Diabetes Type II was a condition resulting from the failure of insulin to control to a minimum the level of glucose in blood (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). As a result, there is no absorption of glucose to be used by the body cells for the production of energy. Under the causes, I explained to her that the disease is caused by a mixture of genetic and lifestyle factors. Whilst some factors such as diet are under personal control or management, others, such as female gender, genetics and increasing age, are not. This, therefore, led into a discussion on the dangers associated with the disease: the danger of cardiovascular disease, including stroke and ischemic he art disease which are similarly life threatening. The next topic we discussed was what factors lead to Diabetes Type II, such as her Hispanic ethnicity, her old age, lack of physical activity, poor diet and family history of diabetes. Having informed her about all these, I then discussed with her about the things she could do in her daily life to manage her level of blood glucose. Specifically, I advised her to avoid diets that have high content of sugar. However, I emphasized that in as much as healthy eating is a foundation of any diabetes

The effect of endurance exercise on hypertension Essay

The effect of endurance exercise on hypertension - Essay Example Ehrman â€Å" it is believed that exercise training may decrease BP by improving renal function in patients with essential hypertension † So even a modest reduction of BP by endurance or resistance training decreases cardiovascular risk by 5-9%, stroke 8-14% and all cause mortality by 4 % (Vivian H.Heyward) BP is determined by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance; moreover it is elevated as result of one of the determinate or both. Therefore, non-pharmacological treatment for HT patients, needs to include theprovision for losing weight if overweight, limit alcohol intake to no more than 1 ounce of ethanol per day, reduce sodium intake to less than 100 mmol per day, maintain adequate dietary potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake, stop smoking and reduce dietary saturated fat and cholesterol intake for an overall cardiovascular health. Reducing fat intake also helps reducing caloric intake it is also important to control weight and non-insulin depended diabetes (Williams and Wilkins). Mode, frequency; duration and intensity of exercise are generally the same only in healthy population. Increasing exercise i ntensity to above 70% VO2 doesn’t have additional impact on BP. In addition, absolute sudden death during any particular episode of heavy exercise is low. Peripheral vascular disease includes vascular insufficiencies such as arteriosclerosis, arterial stenosis, Raynaud phenomena and Burger’s dieses. It’s usually correlated with hyperlipidemia and hypertension in older patients. Peripheral vascular disease manifests ischemia pain during physical activity and is due to mismatch between muscle supplies and demands. In treatment weight bearing exercise and medication is included. According to Roy J. Shephard, observing middle age and older post coronary patient over three years of vigorous and progressive endurance exercise. He established a decrease of resting provision at normal

Understanding and analysing self harm

Understanding and analysing self harm Self harm in all of its forms is one of the greatest dangers that face vulnerable adolescents, promoting unhealthy cycles, and increasing the risk of suicide and from the perspective of a school nurse, the problem is very evident. Whilst providing duties to young people with, or prone to, psychological, emotional or mental help problems it is clear that self harm is an ever increasing issue. There is evidence that would suggest that the rates of self harm within the UK are the highest in Europe (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a) and as such, this act should be considered one of our nations significant health concerns. Self harm is a complicated and very challenging problem to face and as such a deep understanding of self harm is vital to combating it. In reviewing literature we must interpret a comprehensive volume of information relating to a given topic. In this instance the topic at hand is self-harm, and as such we are required to study and absorb as much of the available information in order to digest it into new insights and to provide evidence to inform our practical decisions. In this specific review the aim is to use the available literature to identify the most prominent and prevalent challenges that could face a school nurse in the treatment and management of youths that self harm. The act of self-harm has become all the more common amongst adolescents (Fortune and Hawton, 2005) (Laukkanen et al, 2009), wherein as many as one in 15 youths undertake self harm at one point or more in their lives (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a). Self harm involves many types of personal injury, from poisoning to starving, though cutting is the predominant method of self injury (Lakkanen et al, 2009) and because of this, I have ensured to differentiate cutting, from other means of self harm within this review. The primary approach of this review is to attempt to identify the most prominent literature relative to this topic within the UK. Unfortunately there is only a small pool of literature governing the topic of self harm in youths; even foreign literature on the topic is just as underdeveloped and lacking, often using differing terminology, such as self-Mutilation (Derouin and Bravender, 2004). A further category of self harm that requires specific definition is the term Deliberate self harm, otherwise known as DSH. Whilst it is most frequently used in UK literature pertaining to the subject, it has been regarded as controversial, because of the mental connotations behind the disorder. (NICE, 2004). People who commit self harm, tend to not feel comfortable with the use of the word deliberate, as it disrupts the notion that the act is voluntary, which a lot of sufferers disbelieve (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2007). In recognising different perspectives on the matter, the term deliberate should no longer be used in relation to self harm, to give an enlightened view of the topic within this literature review. When discussing young people or adolescent in this report, the terms will refer to any young person between 12 and 18 years of age. The average age of onset for self harm is 12 years (mental health foundation, 2006, a), however children as young as five years old have been reported to self harm (Bywaters and Rolfe, 2002). The cases of children that young performing self harm is very uncommon, and the rate tends to increase rapidly with age throughout adolescence (Hawton et al, 2003). Methodology. Gathering literary sources was done by utilising a search of CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), a database for nurising based literature reviews. It is particularly suiting as it relaties specifically to nursing and allied health literature (Aveyard, 2010). In order to get the most comprehensive list of resources, several terms were used within the search; Cut* self-harm self-mutilation, Adolescent and School nurse in order to provide a wide range of literature related to the topic. Recent papers, such as those published within the last five to ten years were used. In order to gather enough information, the limit was extended to ten years, as there was simply not enough sources within a five year bracket. When performign these searches, the search terms were often linked in order to provide the best set of results. Other databases were used, using a similar method as this to good results. They included The British Nursing Inde, and PsychINFO. It is often emphasised how important it is to combine search strategies (Greenhalgh and Peacock, 2005), within literature reviews. Despite the advantage electronic searches provide, it is still possible to miss key sources of literature. (Montori et al, 2004). Every step to ensure the best quality of literature is provided should be taken, and as such within this review, any appropriate cited references have been thoroughly checked and sourced. In following various searches, the extracts from the articles were read for relevance to the review. They were also regarded to see if they met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and for general relevance and importance. The critical apraisal skills programme was used to great effect in ascertaining the quality of certain articles (Aveyard, 2010). Further articles that did not meet criteria at this stage were disregarded from the study. As could be expected, all literature that had been collated showed similarities in their findings and themes. These have been used to link the findings in a systematic manner for the purpose of this review (Pope et al, 2007). Prevelance, rates, reasons to harm, the factors behind harming, suicidal intentions and intervention are all themes which need to be studied and examined for the problems and considerations faced by a medical professional when encountering them. Prevelance One thought that is unanimous within studies concerning self-harm is that the act itself is much more than simply attention seeking behaviour. (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a). This is supported by the instances in which youths attempt to hide their attempts behind long sleeved tops, or by cutting in areas of the body that are hidden from view, such as the inner thigh or the axilla (Freeman, 2002). Because of this, many acts of self-harm do not come to the attention of the healthcare services, so it is almost impossible to discern the true scale of the matter. However in one study 13 .2% of adolescents reported to have purposefully harmed themselves within their lives (Hawthorn and Rodam, 2006). There have been many studies on the matter, but it is difficult to compare results due to varying age groups and conditions. Two facts seem t o be agreed upon however, and they are that cutting is the most prevalent type of self-harm (Laukkanen et al, 2009) and that in all likelihood the true scale of the problem goes unrecorded. The latter could be due to several reasons; between youths hiding the fact they perform self-harm and that parents who have no fears in regards to their children, are less likely to give consent to permit these studies recording data. (Hintikka et al, 2009). With all reports agreeing that the situation as a whole reflects merely the tip of an iceberg, and that findings do not cover the majority of acts that go unnoticed by the medical services, health professionals require a greater understanding of the topic, in order to tackle the problem when they do encounter it. As School Nurses are often the first to contact youths who self harm (McDougal, 2003), it is even more vital to provide an understanding and means to address this problem. Whilst establishing a professional where pupils feel comfortable in disclosing their behaviour , it is also vital to promote awareness in the school and community at large of the dangers of this self-harming behaviour (Hackney, 2009). However the root of the problem lies in identifying those who are prone to cutting and other acts of self harm, and understanding why they choose to take this step. Why Adolescents Self-Harm There appear to be many reasons offered as to why adolescents choose to harm themselves including to feel more alive, to distract from the reality of their situation, and to even gain relief from the pressures that surround them (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a). It can be used as a means of dealing with emotional extremes of anger, sadness or depression (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a), or even as a means of expressing negative emotions such as self-loathing or loneliness. Whatever the cause, the reason behind it is often that the adolescents mind finds it easier to deal with physical pain and trauma than the emotional pain that is the root of the problem (Medical Health Foundation, 2006, a). Physically, there are endorphins released during the act of cutting which serve as to calm the person down (Starr, 2004). In doing this, the anxiety is reduced and not only is the adolescent satisfied emotionally, but also potentially addicted physically. Adolescents often feel that betwee n studies and their family, they have no control over their own life; and as such cutting can be a means of exerting control over themselves physically. (Derouin and Bravender, 2004). However in certain circumstances, it can be used to exert control of those around the youth, such as friends, family, and other loved ones. (Freeman, 2002). With this in mind, it is understandable why youths take to self harm as a means of resolving their emotional issues, as it has been recorded that most youths who have undertaken the act, hold it in a positive light (Griesbach, 2008). However it is only a temporary solution and an often dangerous one at that. Any gratification gained from the act itself does nothing to relive the underlying problem (Mental Health Foundation, 2006), and as such cannot be expected to resolve itself. Those who choose to self harm, tend to do so because of a complex combination of reasons and experiences, rather than a single, governing event (Fox and Hawton, 2004). As such, it can often be difficult for a Nurse to address these issues as a collective when dealing with those who self-harm. Factors associated to Self Harm Girls are more prone to internalise their problems than boys and as such, certain pieces of literature believe that girls are far more likely than boys to resort to self harm (Hawton et al, 2002). In contradiction to this, certain texts would state that in a study of admissions to an accident and emergency department, almost as many boys were admitted as girls, for the act of self harm (Lilley et al, 2008). As such, it is important to acknowledge that the differences between genders, may not reflect the likelihood of cutting as any greater than the other. There a re also emotional factors tied to self harm, tha t include feelings of loneliness, isolation, depression, frustration and worthlessness (Griesbach, 2008). These feelings in and of themselves often a re enough to cause concern that a youth could self harm, however combined with other factors such as separation from loved ones (through arguments or neglect), bullying or even abuse could amplify the risk of self-harm (Griesbach, 2008). It is just as important when considering these factors, that not everybody who has suffered neglect or abuse will self-harm, and that those that have will often handle things in a less destructive manner (Turp, 2002). Other behavioural factors have been linked to those who self-harm, which include aggressive tendencies, poor educational performance, substance abuse, and most commonly depressive moods (Laukkanen et al, 2009). There are also those who suffer from stress, or who feel as if they have little control over their life. (Griesbach, 2008) Family and Relationships Whilst behavioural problems can be tied to the reasons behind self-harm, often it is those closest to the adolescent that promote these issues, knowingly or otherwise, such as a parental figure providing either overprotection, or a lack of care (Marchetto, 2006). There are many psychosocial issues that may impart negative emotions, stress, or pressures upon a youth, with serious family and relationship problems being the more common (Laukkanen et al, 2009). With this to consider, a school nurse must realise that even the most superficial act of self harm could be linked to a very deep and complex series of psychosocial problems. Young people often feel uncomfortable opening up about such backgrounds, regardless of family circumstance (Griesbach, 2008) and consequently it can be difficult for a school nurse to uncover the true cause of self-harm with a patient. This difficulty in opening up must be considered when assessing a youth suspected of self harm in order to best establish a r elationship with the patient and thus a level of trust (Griesbach, 2008). Mental concerns. A high proportion of children can be diagnosed with mental disorders. With mental health problems such as anxiety, depression and even eating disorders being strongly linked to those who self-harm (Hintikka et al, 2009), these high proportions become all the more concerning. According to The Mental Health Foundation (2006, b) One in ten children have a mental health disorder, coupled with the strong links between self harm and these disorders gives cause for concern as to how much goes unrecorded. Depression has even been recognised as a major factor behind self harm (Derouin and Bravender, 2004), which is becoming even more common with girls who choose to cut. (Hintikka et al, 2009). However there is often a stigma attached to mental health issues that a school nurse will have to overcome when addressing these problems. Often establishing a heightened awareness of these disorders within the community will remove some of the stigma related to these disorders, and in turn will encoura ge youths to be more open and healthy with their thoughts (Hackney, 2009). Some adolescents however, have been discovered to have self-harmed for years by successfully hiding their injuries, and have shown no signs of a mental disorder (Derouin and Bravender, 2004) that stimulates the necessity to cut. Even if mental problems are not to blame however, the act of self harm is a sign that something is wrong within the youths life; self harm often being the outward response to unfavourable circumstances (Griesbach, 2008). Social Circumstances Peer pressure is an all too common part of adolescence. In regards to self-harm, this combined with curiosity and risk taking behaviour will often act as encouragement to try it (Derouin and Bravender, 2004). It is important for a school nurse to understand the presence of peer pressure, and be mindful of it when assisting those who have to overcome self-mutilation. Indeed it is necessary to be mindful of all outside social developmental issues when a school nurse attempts to break the cycle of cutting with a patient. (Derouin and Bravender, 2004). Suicide. Whilst those who choose to self cut or self mutilate often are not intending to attempt suicide, there can often be a risk. Often they are simply attempting to release extreme anxiety or inner pain, (Derouin and Bravender, 2004). However, there are difficulties when addressing this problem as a school nurse. Those who choose to cut are often less likely to be at risk of suicide than those who harm in a different manner; often their only aim is to release tension, and they are more in control of the damage they are inflicting than other methods. (Griesbach, 2008). However, evidence supports the notion that those who self-harm, will repeatedly self-harm, and in turn this increases their risk of suicide, intended or not (Cleaver, 2007). It is important to remember that in general young people will see suicide, and self-harm as two very separate things. Unfortunately for a school nurse, the characteristics of those who self-harm and those who intend to commit suicide are often shared (Hawton and James, 2005). Thus it can be a very challenging experience for a School Nurse to identify pupils who self harm who are at risk of suicide in a medium or a short term. It is vital for School Nurses to recognise the differences between the two, and intervene at the earliest possible opportunity, for every case of self-harm. Whilst Suicide is a rare event (NICE, 2004), it is still the third most common cause of death in the adolescent age group. As such any discovery of self-harming should be fully assessed for needs, emotional, psychological and social factors that are specific to the individual case (NICE, 2004) so as to better assess the problem at hand. Interventions There is some debate as to the best method to stop repeated self-harm, and unfortunately there is a lack of good evidence to support one method over another (NICE, 2004). Randomise Control Trials (RCT) are often the premier choice of researching and comparing differing interventions (Harner and Collinson, 2005). There had been positive results found within the realm of group therapy. Wood (2001) found promising results from a study into developmental group psychotherapy, recording a clinically significant difference to favour group therapy above other forms of aftercare and upon this evidence a first line of treatment should be prescribed as group therapy. Unfortunately in contrast to this a recent repetition of the study failed to yield any positive results to suggest that group therapy was a superior treatment (Hazell et al, 2009). As we can see there is a great difficulty in assessing the value of any research into treatment, and the importance of repeating the tests for grounded evidence. Young people say that they wish to be helped in a way that feels comfortable for them. This is understandable, as they are often discussing a private matter. Private support groups, one on one sessions and drop in services are viewed as particularly helpful (Griesbach, 2008). One of the most important factors is overcoming the negative attitude associated with the disorder; something that is even possessed by the nurses who treat it (Cleaver, 2007). As such it is important to treat the patient with respect and to listen to their problems, even if their roots do not stem from self-harm, but from daily, or emotional issues. Many who have self harmed state that had this service been available to them in the first place, they would not have started their disorder (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a) Preventative measures must be taken to address self-harm in all of its forms. A school nurse is positioned at the forefront of these preventative measures, and often can find themselves in the best possible position to assist the youth. However; self harm is a very large, and very complex problem for a school nurse to address, with evidence suggesting nurses to feel overwhelmed and under supported when tackling the issue (Cook and James, 2009). With this in mind, the further education of school nurses to equip them to deal with these issues cannot be disregarded (NICE, 2004). When preventative measures fail it is good practise to advise people who repeatedly self injure with management techniques such as, how best to deal with scarring, alternative coping strategies, and harm minimalisation techniques (NICE, 2004). This concept is well established in health promotion and has been applied in recent years successfully to both sexual health education and in a reduction of teenage pregnancies (Lesley, 2008). Adolescence is a time for striving for independence, experimenting and taking risks (Lesley, 2008) and this approach of minimising self harm can often be the best approach to tackling those who have already self harmed. Evidence to suggest an effective treatment is not abundant (NICE, 2004) but to focus on minimising the damage is a pessimistic approach. Certain voluntary organizations advocate the thought If you feel the need to self harm, focus on staying within the safe limits (Mind, 2010). Young people want a range of options for self help best suited to them, even if it is something as simple as something to distract themselves from self harm for just a short period of time (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a). Successful distraction techniques have been known to include using ice instead of cutting, or even marking with a red pen; other means involve simply venting pent up frustration such as by punching a punch bag (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a) not all reliefs have to be physical, however, and often creative pursuits such as writing, drawing and painting can have a very positive effect (Griesbech, 2008). Often, it is much more constructive to engage in creative rather than destructive be haviour and is even more likely to change behavioural response to self harm (Norman and Ryrie, 2004). If unavoidable, it is advocated that those who cut use clean, sharp instruments and avoid areas that include veins and arteries (Pengelly, 2008). When advocating this a nurse must consider both the legal and ethical arguments of endorsing any form of self harm (Pengally, 2008). Many do not feel comfortable discussing these minimalisation techniques over the concern that this could be construed as encouragement and leave the nurse vulnerable to backlash (Pengally, 2008). That said, often self harm may be the only control that a young person feels that they have over their lives (Derouin and Bravender, 2004) it is essential for a nurse, when supporting adolescents, to make effective clinical decisions. Ethical dilemmas and diverse situations often arise in this field of medicine and must be balanced with the needs of the patient and community (Bennet, 2008). Ultimately, when undertaking these decisions, practitioners must consult with the rest of the clinical team and maintain in depth records. Similarly, the decision whether or not to inform the parents raises another ethical question. Inititally, it can damage trust between the nurse and patient in future consultations, however, should a youth be considered mature enough they should be treated as adults and thus given the same level of confidentiality (Hendrick, 2010). Limitations. The majority of sources of information within this review is qualitative research which is related to the desire to obtain the opinions of individuals alongside their experiences (Watson et al, 2008). The benefits of qualitative methods are that often a greater wealth of information is obtained, in terms of social and personal experiences and insights than would otherwise be available (Hall, 2006). Unfortunately, there are many criticisms that beset qualitative studies. For instance, many disregard the findings as they are not ecologically valid due to the small sample size (Parahoo, 2006) as such, findings of many studies often only reflect the characteristics of that particular sample as opposed to the diverse population that engage in the act of self harm. Furthermore, it is difficult to justify evidencing qualitative research as often its results are interpretative (Aveyard, 2010) of course, findings can also be affected by the differing assessment methods used to collate the inf ormation, such as whether the assessment was done autonomously or if it relied on parental consent. Recommendations. Harm minimalisation techniques need to be widely available to adolescents who self harm with recognization of the ethical dilemmas, in order to support school nurses within this field of practise. Future literature on the subject also needs to choose its terminology carefully and focus upon one form of self harm rather than generalising. This is the only manner in which a specific treatment can be formulated to address each individual form of self harm allowing nursing to develop appropriate preventative interventions. School nurses should also refer all youths who harm to CAMHS. The presumption that young people that cut are not suicidal or that they do not have mental illness is too high a risk to consider and even though the majority hold neither of these disorders, they can not be overlooked due to the minority that do possess them. Conclusion. The true extent of self harm or self cutting is very difficult to determine due to the inconsistencies and definition and underreporting that often it goes unnoticed. What can be agreed upon, is that self cutting is an increasing and serious problem among adolescents. School nurses hold a vital role in the management of this disorder and are often at the forefront of any prevention, treatment and education. An understanding of why adolescents self harm and all linked factors are vital for undertaking treatment of a patient. However, this challenge is complex and requires a large amount of training and support; it is very important to avoid any stigma attached to self harming when treating youth, they are often not attention seeking and frequently posess a lot of problems in their lives. Self harm masks underlying emotional, psychological and social trauma and can simply be a youths only outlet to relieve stress and emotional tension. It is undeniable that self harm is a rapidly expan ding area of research, however upon reviewing this literature many questions are still left unanswered. There is still the underlying moral and ethical difficulties that a school nurse must consider when supporting those who self harm

Symbols and Symbolism in The Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

Symbolism in The Catcher in the Rye Throughout the novel, the reader is presented with various symbols. The symbols are clearly made evident by Holden’s constant repetition of their importance. The symbols are so important and their symbolism is directly related to the major themes of the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Allie, Holden’s young brother who died several years earlier, was a key symbol throughout the story. When Holden remembers incidents from his past involving Allie, his attitude changes, such as when he writes the composition about Allie’s baseball glove or when Holden broke his hand after punching all of the windows after Allie died. He feels that Allie was one of the few people who were not phony in a world full of phonies. More importantly, Allie represents the innocence and childhood that Holden strives to find throughout his multi-day journey. In Holden’s opinion, Allie represents the purity that Holden looks for in the world. Holden admits that he admires Allie more than he admires Jesus, and even prays to Allie at one point, rather than Jesus. Allie is Holden’s role model, whom he judges the rest of the world according to. When Allie dies, it creates turbulence in Holden’s life.   Ã‚  Ã‚   At various points during the course of the novel, Holden inquires as to what happens to the ducks who are normally on a pond in Central Park, when winter comes and the water freezes. As he inquires, the answers he receives range from as farfetched answers as the idea that the ducks still remain there under the ice, just as the fish do, to uncaring answers such as a simple "What a stupid question!" remark. Despite the answer he gets, Holden is never satisfied with the reply. Holden doesn’t consciously realize that the ducks relate to him. Whether he will admit it or not, Holden is scared. He has been kicked out of numerous schools, he can’t get good grades, his parents are angry with him, and he spends his days wandering through New York City. He doesn’t know where he is going to go, reflecting his question about the ducks. Perhaps if he knew where the ducks went, he could follow their example.   Ã‚  Ã‚   While walking through New York City, Holden arrives at the Museum of Natural History. He remarks about the museum that he likes the glass cases that the museum officials place all of their exhibits in.

Dr. Doctor

Dear Doctor, Yesterday, during lunch, my best friend and I were discussing sexually transmitted diseases and we got into quite a brawl about some of the myths and facts of them. It seemed like the only statement we both agreed on was that the topic about sexually transmitted diseases (and how each are transmitted and statistics) should be taught in school, just how biological information and abstinence are being educated. With that being said, I have quite a few questions to ask you. Is it still possible to get a sexually transmitted disease if you are abstinent?If a person is infected with a sexually transmitted disease, can you tell by their appearance? Is there a higher chance that you will be infected by a sexually transmitted disease if you’re in your teen years? Can STDS only spread through semen and blood? If a woman is on birth control, does that prevent her from obtaining an STD as well? Can you, in fact, catch an STD from a toilet seat? And lastly, once you have a se xually transmitted disease, there’s no chance of becoming infected again, right?These were a bunch of questions that seemed to be left unanswered yesterday and I was wondering if you might be able to clarify them for me as well as every other reader out there. Thank you Doctor. Sincerely, Confused reader. Dear â€Å"Confused reader†, I do appreciate taking time to write to me about your questions and I also agree with you that the educational system should do more to inform the youth about sexually transmitted diseases before it may be too late. Also, as for your questions.. Yes, there is still a chance that one might become infected with a sexually transmitted disease while remaining abstinent. Abstinence does not preventAIDS, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C infections that come from nonsexual activities like using contaminated needles for doing drugs, unsterilized tattooing, or even taking steroids. You have no way of knowing if a person has a sexually transmitted disea se just by looking at their appearance and observing how ‘clean’ they are. Even doctors often can’t tell by looking if people have STDs; that’s why tests involving a patient’s blood work were made. Most STDs have very few signs or no signs at all. Only in really extreme cases of certain STDs could a person detect signs of an STD in the groin area; but don’t rely on it.It’s even possible to carry and spread the virus without ever having an outbreak. The truth is, about one in four sexually experienced teens become infected with an STD. Unfortunately, you are correct on this one. Statistics show that two-thirds of sexually transmitted diseases occur in people who are under twenty- five and one in four girls between the ages of fourteen and nineteen were determined to have at least one of four sexually transmitted diseases (Human Papillomavirus [HPV], Chlamydia, Herpes Simplex Virus, and Trichomoniasis. ).Young people (ages from 15- 24) h ave five times the reported rate of Chlamydia of the total population, four times the reported rate of Gonorrhea, and three times the rate of Syphilis. While semen and blood can spread some sexually transmitted diseases, some STDs like herpes and syphilis can be spread by skin on skin contact. For example, when herpes flares up, an active sore appears on the person’s body and if this sore comes into contact with another person’s skin (or moist areas like the mouth, throat, and also areas with cuts and/ or rashes), it can spread.However, it can also spread before the blisters actually form. I’ve actually heard these two myths before and never understood how they came about. The birth control pill has the potential to prevent one thing, the prevention of pregnancy from occurring. It holds no protection against sexually transmitted diseases. As for the myth about being able to get a sexually transmitted disease from a toilet seat, organisms cannot survive outside o f the human body for a long period of time. Some STDs are yours for life, like herpes and HIV.Others, like Chlamydia and Gonorrhea, can be treated; but you more likely to get infected again, since you are now vulnerable to the disease if you have sexual contact with someone who has them. In young girls, the second time you have Chlamydia, there’s more damage to your reproductive tract, which may cause permanent infertility. I expect that you read everything that I have written and have more of an understanding on sexually transmitted diseases. Remember: No sex is always better than safe sex. Sincerely always, The Doctor.

Free Essays on Reporting Violence In Newspapers

Abortion A woman owns her body and should have the right if she wants to have an Abortion. Legal abortions can save a woman’s life if there is complications with the unborn fetus. Abortions help over several complications that can be a result from childbirth. Also legal abortions can prevent women from getting back-ally abortions that can result in diseases, mutilations and death (9 Reasons). Others will say that if abortion becomes illegalized then this is a result of discrimination towards women. It is discriminating towards low- income women because not all women can afford to travel when its is necessary to received a legal and safe abortion(9 Reasons). Over the years women have had complications with childbirth. Women with heart diseases, Kidney disease and other illnesses can result in not only the fetus dying but also the mother that has complication with the birth. Abortion prevents women from having complications. If abortions was not illegal women and children deaths would have increases from these complications. No matter what, if a woman wants to have an abortions she will find every way to receive one. Legal abortion is the safest way. Not only does the mother have the medical needs received from a doctor but the abortion is safer, diseases free and the mother is less likely to die from the procedure. It is one of the many ways to prevent back-ally abortions that have been the cause of several deaths among pregnant women. Sever people agree that if abortion was illegalized then that would be discriminating against low-income women that can’t afford to travel to other countries to receive a safe and legal abortion. Again they are forced to a back-ally abortion that can result in death. Also others might say that a unborn child is not a human being so the result of abortion is not murdering a human(Sykes, Margaret & Ward, Dr. Roy Bowen). In any way a woman is more then a holder for a unborn baby, ... Free Essays on Reporting Violence In Newspapers Free Essays on Reporting Violence In Newspapers Abortion A woman owns her body and should have the right if she wants to have an Abortion. Legal abortions can save a woman’s life if there is complications with the unborn fetus. Abortions help over several complications that can be a result from childbirth. Also legal abortions can prevent women from getting back-ally abortions that can result in diseases, mutilations and death (9 Reasons). Others will say that if abortion becomes illegalized then this is a result of discrimination towards women. It is discriminating towards low- income women because not all women can afford to travel when its is necessary to received a legal and safe abortion(9 Reasons). Over the years women have had complications with childbirth. Women with heart diseases, Kidney disease and other illnesses can result in not only the fetus dying but also the mother that has complication with the birth. Abortion prevents women from having complications. If abortions was not illegal women and children deaths would have increases from these complications. No matter what, if a woman wants to have an abortions she will find every way to receive one. Legal abortion is the safest way. Not only does the mother have the medical needs received from a doctor but the abortion is safer, diseases free and the mother is less likely to die from the procedure. It is one of the many ways to prevent back-ally abortions that have been the cause of several deaths among pregnant women. Sever people agree that if abortion was illegalized then that would be discriminating against low-income women that can’t afford to travel to other countries to receive a safe and legal abortion. Again they are forced to a back-ally abortion that can result in death. Also others might say that a unborn child is not a human being so the result of abortion is not murdering a human(Sykes, Margaret & Ward, Dr. Roy Bowen). In any way a woman is more then a holder for a unborn baby, ...

Hemingway essays

Hemingway essays On the date of July 21, 1899 Ernest Hemingway, a now known brilliant writer, was born. Hemingway was conceivably the only writer to achieve the combination of international celebrity and literary stature in the twentieth century. Hemingway was brought up in the village of Oak Park, Illinois, close to the prairies and woods west of Chicago. Both here and in Michigan, he could explore, camp, fish and hunt with his father, Dr. Clarence Hemingway. In Chicago he would attend concerts, operas and visit art museums with his mother, a musician and an artist. Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School, where he was an active writer. He wrote articles, poems and stories for the schools publications largely based on his own experiences. The year Hemingway graduated he quickly secured a job with the Kansas City Star. There he received a writing style sheet that instructed: Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. (Parshall 1). These were rules he never forgot to incorporate into his works to get to the heart of a story. The following year he entered World War I as a volunteer with American Red Cross ambulance unit as a driver. There he was wounded near the Italian/Austrian front. Hospitalized, he fell in love with his nurse, who later called off their relationship. After World War I, Hemingway returned to northern Michigan to read, write, fish, and later to work for the Toronto Star in Canada. In 1921 married his first wife and moved to Paris. In Paris he continued to write for the Toronto Star as a foreign During his stay in Europe through the 1920s, Ernest was influenced by eccentric writers like Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound their literary compression. Hemingways use of these methods in short stories and novels that captured the attention of critics and the In the 1930s, he turned to writing for cause...

Introduction to Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Leadership - Essay Example I realize much of this course, as well as the text book ( Northouse 2014) suggest that leadership is a phenomenon that resides in the context of the interactions between leaders and followers and makes leadership available to everyone (Northouse , 2014 p.8), but from my personal experiences, especially in a work context, trait theory appears to be the biggest contributor. Despite this it is obvious that one can only be a leader if there are those to be led, those who will interact with him and who share common aims, whether this is something as simple as making a profit , or , on a much grander scale, to improve the living standards of a whole population by acting as its government, or even to have some more negative aim such as the eradication of another people group as happened in Germany in the mid 20th century.   So leadership happens in many different areas of life – in business , in politics, in health care, in families   and in military life , to give just some of m any possible examples. A good leader must, by definition, be able to communicate his ideas to others, but there should also be two way communication , in that he listens to others , gets feedback for instance as to how a project is proceeding, or takes account of suggestions. My goal for my immediate future is not actually to become a leader, but more to understand the concept of leadership and how it can be done at its most effective. I have worked with those I considered to be good and successful leaders, as well as incompetent and ineffective ones.

Science and policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science and policy - Essay Example Selecting an appropriate ambassador may also bring forward some form of challenge as this selected individual is the one to carry the face of the firm that carries out the activities of a knowledge broker. The selection should be flawless as any form of undue process in selection may pose a challenge to the firms. Some other challenges that can come in the way of the knowledge brokers include such challenges as managing interactions with stakeholders within acceptable limits. Some stakeholders may be difficult in a way to handle and hence this may be a major challenge that other brokers may crumble as they tend to check a way forward in dealing with such cases (â€Å"Knowledge Exchange†). The knowledge brokers may be working on a flat plan without settling down to lay the objectives. This may also pose a threat in achievement of desired results if they are not fully planned for and hence this too may end up countering the development agenda that these knowledge brokers have in mind (Hargadon 48). The knowledge brokers and their firms should also have a plan on a systematic way of availing results and outcomes through acceptable networks that are practitioner oriented. Doing anything else to this effect may have to backfire and end up being a challenge that will bring the firms down. The firms should also lay the strategies that will work towards distilling results and their strategies for maintaining long lasting legacies. However most of these firms lack the expertise to carry out such distilling processes and that means that a challenge will be witnessed as soon as the legacy flops (Brown 486). So some of the solutions that can be facilitated to curb such challenges can involve such remedies as: as for the challenge of trying to keep up with the stakeholders by trying to encourage them to invest ideally in the broker’s firm through time, resources and effort. The solution to this challenge is to try as much as possible to involve the stakeholder s and to give them the need to place their trust for you. If the relationship at the beginning is a good one, then the engagement should be fair throughout the period of the project. This approach needs much attention and hence the firm should conduct a good sense to determine the road taken by the research. After establishing that, then many more stakeholders will show interest and hence feel free to work with you. – SUE Researchers (Tsui L et al) For the challenge that comes from finding it hard to engage the stakeholders in the definition of various important aspects of the research. It should not still be debatable whether to involve the stakeholders, as the firms should go ahead and incorporate them in decision making on the kinds of design the research should have. The stakeholders should be allowed to assist in determining whether an approach is feasible or not. Serious members of the stakeholders’ board should be able to tell what befits the firm and what doesn ’t. With this approach, the problem of having to determine the level of indulgence of the stakeholders would be fully answered (Hargadon 50). One other challenge that is faced by the knowledge brokers may be that of that their research findings reach the desired audience and that the said findings are found to be

Core Curriculum Content Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Core Curriculum Content Standards - Essay Example In large part, both the New Jersey curriculum standards and the National Core Curriculum Standards are designed to prepare students for the college environment. Indeed, this is one of the major noted concerns of the establishment of the standards, as it was believed that previously public school systems had not gone far enough in establishing stringent enough instructional methods that consider the importance of college preparation. Another important element that is reflected across both curriculum standards is the importance of combining both content and skill specific knowledge. In both instances, this knowledge is incorporated into the specific curriculum designations. Indeed, it’s noted that, â€Å". The Standards set a rigorous definition of college and career readiness, not by piling topic upon topic, but by demanding that students develop a depth of understanding and ability (‘Myths vs. Facts).† Indeed, it’s clear that the underlining philosophy behi nd the two sets of standards are directly in-line with each other. While the overriding philosophy of the state and national curriculum standards are in-line with each other they differ along a specific line.

The various theories of Language Acquisition Essay Example for Free

The various theories of Language Acquisition Essay The human race has been trying to explore the concept of language acquisition in children for centuries, and due to the nature of the subject matter, this of course is very difficult. The main debate between language theorists, however, began in the 20th century with the nature versus nurture debate. The generally accepted theory of language acquisition, supported by B. F. Skinner, was that children were completely lacking in the ability to converse when born, and that language was just another learned skill, such as walking and crawling. Supporting the argument that language acquisition was all due to the nurturing of the child, rather than an innate capacity to learn, Skinner believed in the theory of imitation and reinforcement. This concept suggests that children learn through positive and negative feedback (praise as opposed to corrections) from their parents or carers. To a certain extent, this theory could account for a large proportion of a childs development. Behaviourists who have observed parents with their children or young children in nurseries have noticed that when an dult suggests a new word to a child, the child is very likely to use it. However, there are of course many obvious limitations of this theory. When parents try to correct children too much, research has shown that children actually progess slower because they are not being allowed to express themselves as freely. Often, when a parent attempts to make a child repeat a certain sentence, the child is unable to respond correctly, because the syntactical structure is completely unfamiliar. Additionally, a parent or carer is more likely to dispute the content of a childs statement as opposed to the grammar. For example, if in the example above, the childs friends actually lived in Scotland, not Ireland, the parent would be more likely to correct this than the grammatical mistakes highlighted above. Furthermore, possibly one of the most important pieces of evidence to disprove this theory is that of virtuous errors a child makes when he or she is first learning to apply grammatical rules. For example, a child might say I thinked or I runned, because the usual ending for an English verb in the simple past tense is -ed. They certainly would not have heard this kind of error from a parent or carer, disputing the idea that language is merely learned through repetition and not through any form of innate ability whatsoever. When Noam Chomsky first responded to the generally accepted behaviourism theory with his own ideas of innate language abilities, taking the side of nature as opposed to nurture. Chomsky believed that children could not simply copy what they heard and create their own lexis, as the quality of adults language was too poor. Also citing virtuous errors such as overgeneralisations, he pointed out that children often create their own words when they do not know the correct term for what they are trying to describe, a concept called linguistic creativity. The key belief of nativism in Chomskys time was that children have a language acquisition device when they are born, which allows them to learn grammar rules and the like. Chomsky himself added to this concept bu suggesting that all human languages share a universal grammar, which is what children are capable of understanding and applying to their own mother tongue. A limitation of the nativist theory is that the ability to converse is not completely innate: children will need some form of stimulus from those around them, or their linguistic ability will be severely impaired. In particular, many theorists believe that for children, there is a cut-off point in their lives (often at about 7 years of age) when, if the child has not received sufficient stimulus, their capacity for language will be permaneantly weakened. Although not completely opposing this theory, these arguments do show that not all language ability is innate. A theory that has its roots in behaviourism is that of social interaction. The core idea of this theory is that childrens language acquisition is centred around close interaction with parents and carers, and that this interaction not only enables them to acquire language itself, but also allows them to learn pragmatics and the rules for conversing, such as taking turns to speak. The followers of this theory also believe that interaction creates a language acquisition support system, enabling children to place their language learning skills in context. The easily identifiable features of child-directed speech (such as exaggerated intonation, simplified grammar and lexis, and gestures) used by parents and carers supports this notion. Interactionists also suggest that repetitive scenarios, such as the same book, nursery rhyme or game, enables children to develop conversational skills such as turn-taking. While there is evidence to support this theory, the argument against it is that in many cultures around the world, there is no evidence of child-directed speech, and that the children are not adversely affected by this. The final key school of thought is the cognitive approach, who do not place as much emphasis on the acquisition of language itself, preferring to see it as a single part of a childs development in general: nativists, on the other hand, see language acquisition as a completely separate element. Psychologist Jean Piaget suggested that language can only come with understanding, and that children can only talk about objects and ideas that they fully understand, showing the link between speech and comprehension. A key stage of cognitive development supports this theory; that of object permeneance. When a child grasps the concept that even when an object is no longer in their sight, it still exists, there is a definite leap in their understanding and development, which includes language. At this time, children also learn to use pronouns correctly, and are more focused on learning common nouns for the objects around them. The other key leader of this theory, Lev Vygotsky, proposed that language had two roles: communication and for thought processes. After a short amount of time, he believed, language became closely linked with thought, leading to the natural link between language and understanding. However, there are, of course, limitations of this theory. Many children have displayed language skills completely at odds with their apparent cognitive skills, either more or less advanced. Of course, each theory of language acquisition has its own evidence to support it. A key mistake which many theorists made in the past was to assume that one theory could be found which covered all aspects of child development. Modern theorists now see the strengths and limitations of all schools of thought, and tend to use aspects from each theory to explain stages of language acquisition. It is generally accepted that we probably will never know the exact way in which children acquire language, due to the complex nature of the process.